What are the different parts of speech. What parts of speech are there? Noun or adjective
1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups that are called parts of speech.
Together with syntax, morphology makes up a section of the science of language called grammar.
2. Each part of speech has signs that can be grouped into three groups:
3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) and service... Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.
4. Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions for independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.
The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples of | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | who? what? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. |
| 2 | Verb | what to do? what to do? | Saw, saw, know, learn. |
| 3 | Adjective | which one? whose? | Nice, blue, mother's, door. |
| 4 | Numeral | how much? which the? | Five, five, fifth. |
| 5 | Adverb | as? when? Where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. |
| 6 | Pronoun | who? which one? how much? as? and etc. | I, he, so, mine, so much, so, there. |
| 7 | Participle | which one? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. |
| 8 | Gerunds | as? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding. |
Notes.
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of the participle and participle. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, while others consider them to be special forms of the verb. The participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech as numerals. In particular, in "academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.
3) The composition of pronouns is characterized differently in different textbooks. In particular the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks refer to adverbs, in others - to pronouns. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in the "academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
5. Service parts of speech - these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.
The question cannot be put to the official words.
Service words are not members of the sentence.
Service words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other in phrases and sentences.
The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:
pretext (in, on, on, out, because of);
union (and, but, but, however, because, so that if);
particle (whether, whether, not, even, exactly, only).
6. occupy a special position among the parts of speech.
Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relations between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as service parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as oh oh oh; to express the feeling of coldness - brr, to express fear or pain - oh etc.
7. As noted, some words in the Russian language can change, while others cannot.
TO immutable includes all service parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:
adverbs ( forward always);
gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).
Some also do not change:
nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);
adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);
pronouns ( then, there).
through endings;
Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.
through endings and prepositions;
Sister - to sister, sister, sister.
through auxiliary words.
Russian scholars distinguish parts of speech in different ways. Our article will tell you about those parts of speech that are studied in the school course. These are 12 parts of speech, which are divided into independent and service ones. Let's take a closer look at what parts of speech are in Russian.
Independent parts of speech
A noun is a part of speech that is independent and answers the questions "what?" "who?" and also denotes an object. According to their meaning, all nouns can be divided into animate (boy, horse) and inanimate (stool, notebook), proper names (Moscow, Petya, newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda") and common nouns (numerous names of objects and phenomena: table, coin, heart , society, love, etc.).
An adjective is a part of speech expressing a feature of an object, answering the questions "what?" "what?" "whose?" etc. Adjectives are divided into relative (wooden, reading), qualitative (big, beautiful) and possessive (sister, fox).
A numeral name is a part of speech that denotes the number of objects and the number, the order when counting. Numerals by grammatical characteristics and meaning are divided into ordinal (tenth, second) and quantitative (ten, two).
A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates signs, objects and their quantities, but does not name them. In sentences, pronouns are most often used as a subject or definition, rarely as a circumstance. Sometimes pronouns are even used as a predicate.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes a state of an object or action, while answering the questions "what to do?", "What to do?" etc. Verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect, active and passive voice, transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. Also, verbs have an initial form or infinitive. In a sentence, verbs are most often predicates, but they can act as a subject or definition.
The participle is a special form of the verb that denotes the signs of an object in action. The sacrament answers the questions: "what?", "What is he doing?", "What did he do?", "What did he do?", "What is done?" etc. The participles are divided into passive and real. The real denotes the sign of the object that produces the action, and the passive sign of the object that is experiencing this action. ("reading boy" - a boy who reads himself; "readable book" - a book that someone reads, that is, someone performs actions with this book).
The verb participle is a form of the verb that denotes an additional action, while there is a main action. The participle answers the questions "doing what?", "Doing what?" The gerunds are of a perfect and imperfect form ("jumping out" is a perfect form, "jumping" is an imperfect form).
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses a sign of an action or other sign (to do beautifully, very beautiful). An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, which in a sentence is most often a circumstance.
Service parts of speech
Now let's look at what service parts of speech the system of parts of speech of the Russian language includes.
A preposition is a part of speech that expresses the dependence of the noun, pronoun and numeral on the rest of the words in the phrase and in the sentence. Prepositions cannot be changed and are also not members of the sentence. Prepositions can be derivative and non-derivative (non-production: a, k, from, c; production: opposite, along, due to, thanks).
Union is an official part of speech that connects homogeneous members that are part of a simple sentence, as well as several simple sentences within a complex one. Unions are subordinate (therefore, to, that) and compositional (a, and, but).
A particle is a part of speech that brings various shades to sentences and serves to form new forms of words (so, come on, come on, let it be). The particles are not members of the proposal and do not change.
Interjection is a special part of speech that expresses feelings, but does not name them. It is not included either in the group of service parts of speech, or in the group of independent ones (oh, ah, hee-hee-hee, ugh, brrr).
Thus, you can see that all parts of speech in the Russian language are diverse and not similar to each other. Only by combining with each other, they can form phrases and sentences.
Garifullina Ramziya Mirgazizovna
Position: primary school teacher
Educational institution: MBOU "Makulov secondary school"
Locality: v. Russkoe Makulovo Republic of Tatarstan
Material name: methodical development
Topic: "Parts of speech, division of parts of speech into independent and service"
Date of publication: 23.09.2018
Section: primary education
Russian language lesson in grade 4
Teacher Garifullina R.M.
Topic, Parts of speech, division of parts of speech into independent and service ones.
Lesson type Solving particular problems
Pedagogical
eskie
tasks
Create conditions for familiarization with the grammatical features of parts of speech; improve the knowledge of students
about the features of the studied parts of speech - nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns;
to improve the ability to compare parts of speech by their essential features, to recognize them; promote
developing the ability to use different parts of speech in sentences, texts; foster interest
to the Russian language, the culture of educational work in the classroom
Planning
subject
result
Get acquainted with the concept of "grammatical signs of parts of speech"; learn to observe
grammatical signs of words based on a semantic question; compare parts of speech by their essential
signs, recognize them; use different parts of speech in sentences, texts; carry out
morphological parsing of a word
Metapred
marked
Cognitive: navigate the textbook: identify skills that will be formed on the basis of
studying this section; to define the circle of their ignorance; analyze, compare, group different
objects, phenomena, facts; regulatory: to speak aloud the sequence of actions performed,
constituting the basis of the mastered activity; evaluate the result together with the teacher or classmates
their actions, make appropriate adjustments; communicative: engage in dialogue; listen and
understand others, express your point of view on events, actions; defend your point of view by observing
rules of speech etiquette; argue your point of view with facts and additional information
Personality
result
Understand language as the main means of human communication, understand the importance of communication as meaningful
component of the life of society; show the ability to self-esteem based on observation of their own speech;
possess the skills of cooperation with a teacher, adults, peers in the process of performing joint
activities in the lesson
Organizational structure of the lesson
(actions taken)
Formable ways
activities
student
Organization
“Look how sunny it is today.
The sun illuminates the whole earth, it is all of us
loves and warms. So let him each
a ray will look into our classroom and not only
will warm us, but also give strength, accuracy,
confidence in knowledge
They inform about readiness for the lesson.
Determine the level of self-readiness
(am I in the mood to listen to the teacher,
perceive the lesson material)
Take
and maintain organizational
Actualization
Check
home
about the job
- Read an excerpt from V.
Stepanov. What are the missing letters?
- Indicate the learned parts of speech above the words.
What are we (pron.) Homeland (n.)
are we calling (ch.)?
Sun (n.) In (preposition) sky (n.)
blue (adj.)
And (union) fragrant (adj.),
golden (adj.)
Bread (noun) for (preposition)
festive (adj.) table (n.).
Highlight significant
information
from the text of the riddle. Nominate
hypothesis and justify it.
Carry out updating
personal life experience.
Be able to listen in line
with a target installation.
Accept and save
learning goal and objective
calligraphy
Spends a minute of calligraphy.
- The Russian language lesson teaches us to be literate and
beautiful letter. For a minute of calligraphy
we will write 2 letters, and which ones - to us
you need to guess, since the clouds have closed
cards with letters.
They find "extra" on every cloud
Look at the first cloud and tell me how
you think what letters we will be
prescribe? Why?
Carry out calligraphy.
Hh Rr Rh Rh
words with
unchecked
writing
- Guess the riddle:
White sheep
Do not sit on the stove.
And they float from afar
Cumulus clouds).
Congestion
atmosphere
crystals
dense
Accumulation of small volatile particles of something
in the air. The word "cloud" is borrowed from
old Slavonic
CLOUDS
"dress".
CLOUDS
"dress".
SINGLE CORE
about bl and h to about,
cloudy, cloudy, cloudy, sky-high,
cloudless, cloudless.
S in about n and m: a cloud.
F r a z e ol o g and zm s:
COME FROM THE CLOUDS - from dreams
turn to reality.
FALL FROM THE CLOUDS (FALL) - oh
unexpected appearance of someone.
Pick up words of the same root
synonyms for a dictionary word.
They remember proverbs, sayings,
winged expressions with vocabulary
in a word, make up sentences
Define
goals
game "Find a stranger".
- Read the words and find the "unnecessary"
- What are the names of the words in the 1st column? what
is a noun?
- What are the names of the words in the 2nd column? what
is an adjective?
- What are the names of the words in the 3rd column? what
Find an "extra" word in everyone
column of the table.
- We will learn to recognize
Take
and keep the learning goal
and the task. Consciously and
arbitrarily build speech
utterance
in oral form
is a verb?
- What general name can be given to these
- Read the topic of the lesson. What lies ahead
learn in the lesson?
parts of speech, find them in the text,
to ask questions; define
grammatical features known
Explained
no new
material
linguistic
material
textbook
- Remember the grammatical
signs of parts of speech. What part of speech words
can belong to the category of animate?
inanimate? own?
common nouns? (Nouns.)
Give examples.
- What parts of speech can have a gender; number;
case; time; face? (Genus have names
nouns, adjectives,
verbs in the past tense. Number have
nouns, names
adjectives, pronouns, verb.
Derive language patterns,
lying in the
a new concept or
Analyze the wording of the rule
(concepts) given in the textbook.
Observe the material
coherent texts.
The table tells how
member of the proposal may be
each of the parts of speech.
Analyze objects
based on visualization
Tense has a verb. Face have
pronoun and verb.)
- How do nouns change?
(Nouns change according to
numbers, cases.)
- How do adjectives change?
(Adjectives change according to
Principal members
numbers, gender, cases.)
- How do verbs change? (Verbs
change in times, numbers, persons (in
present and future tense).)
- How verbs in the past change
time? (Past tense verbs
vary by gender.)
- How do the 3rd person pronouns change?
(3rd person pronouns change by gender
and numbers.)
- Which member of the proposal can be
from parts of speech?
Minor members
Primarily
consolidate
- Read the poem by J. Moritz. AND
how would you answer the first question
offers?
Is it possible to depict silence in the picture?
Analytical
exercises. Participate in
discussion of issues on the topic.
Write off the poem.
Consciously and voluntarily
build a speech utterance
verbally, justify
textbook
Indicate the gender of names
nouns. Indicate
grammatical features
highlighted words
- What parts of speech are the selected
the words? What are the grammatical signs
can they determine?
- Write it off. Specify the gender of the names
nouns
Behind the clouds - n., Narits., Inanimate.,
Etc., pl. h.
Walking - Ch., Present vr., pl. h., 3
Wonderful - adj., V. p., F. r., units h.
Picture - noun, common, inanimate, V.
n., f. r., units h.
I - local, 1 person, unit h.
I saw - ch., Past. time, units h., m. r.
Morphological
parsing the word "saw".
I saw - the verb what did you do ?,
initial form - see
perfect view, past tense,
units h., m. r., predicate.
opinion. Align efforts
to solve the educational problem
Secure
and
generalized
acquired
of the
knowledge and
skills.
textbook
Organizes discussion, listens to opinions,
sums it up.
- Read it. Why are the selected
the words? (Highlighted words are spoken and written
the same, but are different parts
- What part of speech is each
highlighted word?
Exercise 118.
Understand
students' answers by ear.
Listen to the interlocutor. Build
understandable for the interlocutor
statements.
Argument your
point of view. Realize
analysis to find
compliance with a given
standard. Formulate your
opinion and position
Organizes work in a notebook.
Practice Exercise 117
Make up sentences from words
And write down
Work on
card
test
Test their knowledge
Reflexi
- What especially interested you during
- What new did you learn in the lesson?
- What was the most difficult thing?
- Did you like the work in the lesson?
If you were interested, it's easy to
lesson, figured out everything - blue
If sometimes there were difficulties
Exercise self-control
learning activities
cards
doubts, not quite like it
work - green square.
If not figured out, it was not very
interesting - red square
Speaks and explains homework
the task. Formulates performance objectives
exercises, gives accompanying
Part of speech (lat. pars orationis) - a category of a language unit, which is determined by syntactic and morphological features. According to these signs, there are different parts of speech classification in different languages \u200b\u200bof the world. part of speech can be called a group of words that has:
- One grammatical meaning and general set morphological features;
- One thing in common lexical meaning;
- Some performed syntactic functions.
In different languages \u200b\u200bof the world, parts of speech are divided into a category of names, which is opposed to a verb, and together they are opposed to various service parts of speech. But this division is primarily conditional.
Signs of the classification of parts of speech in Russian.
Classification signs are signs that determine the principles of classification of parts of speech in Russian. There are four such signs in Russian:
- Semantic - this signdefines the general meaning of a part of speech (for example, a verb has an action meaning)
- Syntactic- this is sign, which determines the role of a part of speech in a sentence (for example, a verb most often acts as a predicate).
- Morphologicalis a complete set of forms and paradigms of a word, as well as the division of words in a language into mutable and immutable.
- Word-formation- this signcharacterizes a set of models and means of word formation of one or another part of speech.
Types of parts of speech in Russian.
There are ten main parts of speech:
Principles of classification of parts of speech.
All parts of speech in Russian are divided into independent parts of speech and service parts of speech. Independent parts of speech - these are parts of speech that have their own meaning (objectivity, sign, action, quantity, etc.). Service parts of speech - these are words that do not have their own meaning, but serve to connect words in sentences, compare, contrast and other purposes.
TO independent parts speeches include:
- Noun
- Adjective
- Numeral
- Pronoun
- Verb
- Adverb
TO official parts of speech in Russian include:
- Pretext
- Particle
These are the main parts of speech in Russian, each of which we will consider and study separately.
§1. What is the classification of words by parts of speech based on?
Morphologystudies the grammatical nature of words and classifies them on the basis of their inherent morphological features. In principle, a variety of classifications are possible: the result depends on what features are underlying. Therefore, when faced with a classification, always think about what it is based on.
Morphological classification of words - this is the division of them into classes, which are called parts of speech.
This is a complex classification. It is being built not according to one, but according to three criteria:
- grammatical meaning
- set of morphological features
- syntactic role in a sentence
Grammatical meaning - this is the most generalized meaning inherent in the entire class of words. Subtler differences in meaning reflect bits by valuethat stand out for a particular part of speech. Let's take a noun as an example.
The grammatical meaning of a noun is "subject." It is expressed in words that answer the questions: Who what?
Examples: Who what? - leg, lamp, son, Moscow, gold, silver, nobility, youth, kindness, greed.
These words, of course, convey different meanings: concrete and abstract, material, collective, proper. It is important for morphology that these differences in meaning are expressed at the morphological level. For example, most nouns with a specific meaning usually have singular and plural forms: leg legs, and all the rest - only one form: either singular or plural: Moscow (own) - singular, gold (real) - unit. h., nobility(collective) - unit. h., good (abstract) - singular But all these words are of the same class. They answer certain questions, which distinguishes them from other word classes, such as verbs that answer questions: What to do ?, What to do? and express the grammatical meaning of "action": walk, jump, laugh, fight, learn.
Morphological signs -these are characteristics of the grammatical nature of words. Important for morphology:
- whether words change or not,
- what sets of forms does the word have,
- what endings these forms are expressed,
- what these forms express.
Some morphological features are common to several parts of speech, for example case, others are specific to only one class of words, for example time... One and the same feature can be unchangeable, constant for some class of words and changeable for others, such as, for example, genus... Each part of speech has its own set of morphological features. Without knowing them, it is impossible to make a morphological analysis of a word and understand what unites words of one part of speech and distinguishes them from words of other parts of speech.
Syntactic role in a sentence - it is the role that words of a particular class play in a sentence. Important:
- is a word a member of a sentence,
- what is its role in the grammatical structure of the sentence.
§2. Parts of speech
Attention:
The dotted line shows that not all authors distinguish participles, gerunds and the category of state. This issue is discussed in more detail below.
Part of speechis a class of words united by a common grammatical meaning, a set of morphological features and a syntactic role in a sentence. This class of words differs from other classes in a set of characteristics.
The logic of this classification of words in the Russian language by parts of speech is generally accepted.
It is also common to distinguish between:
- interjections and non-interjection word classes,
- non-interdimensional divided into service and independent classes of words,
- distinguish between significant and pronominal words among the independent,
- to divide significant into changing and unchanging (adverbial),
- changing divide into inflected and conjugated (verbs),
- inclined to divide further by the types of declension (nouns, changeable in numbers and cases, and others, changeable in numbers, cases and gender).
Traditionally distinguish 10 parts of speech:
- Nouns
- Adjectives
- Numerals
- Pronouns
- Verbs
- Adverbs
- Prepositions
- Alliances
- Particles
- Interjections
§3. Why do textbooks indicate different numbers of parts of speech?
Linguistics is an interpretive science, i.e. explaining.
Specific interpretations of linguistic phenomena depend on the point of view of the author.
There are phenomena in the language that can be interpreted (explained) in different ways.
Participles and gerunds
The dotted lines in the diagram show the special status of participles and participles. Depending on the point of view, they are either considered forms of the verb, and then they are included in the part of speech Verb, or isolated as special parts of speech. Why did different interpretations arise?
The peculiarity of participles is that they retain verbal features, for example, type, tense, transitivity, recurrence, conjugation. But at the same time, participles change in a special way, like adjectives. Full participles - by cases and numbers, and in the singular - by gender, and short - by numbers and in the singular - by gender. And the gerunds do not change at all.
Interpretation 1
: participle and gerunds are special forms of verbs.
Initial form: infinitive verb, i.e. infinitive.
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are formative suffixes.
Infinitive erect, participles:
and gerunds: erecting- these are just different forms of one word erect.
Interpretation 2
: participle and gerunds are independent parts of speech.
The initial form of the participle: singular form. numbers, husband. kind.
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are word-forming suffixes.
Infinitive erect, participles erecting, erecting, erecting and gerunds erecting -different words related to different parts of speech.
The dotted line in the diagram shows the special status of the words of the status category. The name itself, by the way, is also unlike the names of other parts of speech. Why did different interpretations arise?
It has long been noticed that adverbial words are very diverse. In particular, a group of adverbial unchangeable words stands out, which denote the state of a person. To me cold, and he hot... This is not the same as: loud shout, quietlaugh. Both the meaning and the role in the sentence of words: cold, hot - loud quiet differ.
Interpretation 1: all these words are adverbs. A special subgroup stands out among them, which has its own characteristics.
Interpretation 2: adverbs and words of the category of state are different parts of speech. They have different meanings and different roles in the sentence.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
How should children answer teachers' questions? How do I complete test tasks? How to make morphological analysis of words? And word-formation analysis, by the way, too?
Nowhere is it said: figure it out yourself and make a choice which point of view to adhere to. Textbooks unambiguously state: this is so. Some authors categorically reject other points of view and directly state that the other point of view is erroneous, that is, adults could not agree among themselves. What should schoolchildren do? Everyone has a GIA or USE ahead, and younger guys have both exams.
Remember:
- how this material is given by the authors of your textbook;
- what textbook are you studying: learn the names of the authors;
- when performing tasks, do not rush between different concepts, act consciously and, most importantly, consistently.
For graduates: be prepared to explain the point of view you share and name the textbook in which it is presented. No one has the right to consider it unacceptable and lower the grade for it. In case of misunderstandings in assessing your knowledge, which have arisen as a result of different interpretations of language phenomena in school textbooks, persistently ask you to understand the situation. The necessary information for protection is on this site.
§4. Service - independent parts of speech
Anyone who speaks Russian understands that there is an important difference between service and independent word classes.
Service parts of speech:
- Prepositions
- Alliances
- Particles
Independent parts of speech:
- Noun
- Adjective
- Numeral
- Verb
- Adverb
Attention:
Interjection is a special part of speech. It is neither official nor independent.
What is the main difference?
Service parts of speech do not express independent meanings, but the relationship between the members of the sentence or sentences, or give words and sentences different shades of meaning. They do not have a set of morphological features and are not members of the proposal.
Independent parts of speech express the grammatical meaning inherent in the entire class of words:
- Nouns - "subject"
- Adjective - "a sign of an object"
- Numeral - "number, quantity, counting order"
- The verb is "action"
- Adverb - "a sign of a sign, a sign of action"
- Pronoun - "indication"
Independent parts of speech are subdivided into significant and pronouns.
Significant parts of speech call objects, signs, actions, numbers, and pronouns just point to them.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What classification is based on the grammatical meaning of words, a set of their morphological features and the syntactic role of words in a sentence?
- Members of the proposal
- Parts of speech
Can the same morphological feature be common for words of different parts of speech?
Can one and the same morphological feature be changeable in some words and unchanged in others?
Can words of one part of speech be different members of a sentence?
Can words of different parts of speech be one member of a sentence?
Is it true to believe that significant words are divided into mutable and unchangeable?
What part of speech is the interjection?
- Self
- Service
- Neither one nor the other
What parts of speech is the interjection opposed to?
- Service
- Independent
- To both, that is, to all
Do numbers have declination?
Are pronouns conjugated?
Are all independent parts of speech significant?
Are all significant parts of speech independent?
Right answers:
- Parts of speech
- Neither one nor the other
- To both, that is, to all
- How do words in Russian change? (for high school students and those who want to figure it out)
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