How to develop speech in a 2 year old child. Exercises and games for speech development

Gardening

If up to two years old, almost all children are either silent or utter separate words, using more facial expressions and gestures, then, having stepped over the two-year line, they already pronounce the first phrases, using speech more and more actively. The development of communication skills and vocabulary replenishment during this period accelerate dramatically.
Parents who spend a lot of time with their children notice the daily replenishment of the child's vocabulary, feel that it becomes more interesting to communicate with him. Below we will talk about what criteria can be used when assessing speech development in 2-3-year-old children, and what is considered a lag from the norm here.

Features and norms of speech development in 2-3-year-old children

The main feature of children's speech at this age is its obvious dependence on actions and gestures. Usually, at the beginning of the second year of life, you can hear a child's speech only in response to questions or suggestions from adults, or when he wants to achieve something. This speech cannot yet be called fully sound, rather it is a gesture and mimic way of communication, which includes sound elements. At about a year and a half, the baby already speaks of his own free will, starts asking questions like "what is this?" By the age of three, he is already interested in the qualitative characteristics of objects and cause-and-effect relationships ("why?", "And how?"). The kid is already starting to build sentences. Now he speaks not only for the sake of getting what he wants (to drink, on pens, on the pot), but also simply for the sake of verbal communication.
By the age of two, it is normal for both girls and boys to have at least 50 words in their vocabulary. If the baby has not learned 50 words, then we can talk about his developmental lag from the norms. In fact, most children at this age know a lot more words and the actual vocabulary reaches 300 separate words. When a baby approaches the age of three, he freely manipulates 1,500 or even a little more words.
When the baby begins to build the first phrases, the parents notice that grammatically the words in them are not yet connected with each other. This is natural, since the child has yet to learn how to express his thoughts fully. After two years, various verbs, adjectives, conjunctions and adverbs begin to gradually appear in the active speech of the child. And he will learn to build correct grammatical relations between them a little later.
The pronunciation of 2-3-year-old children is still very different from the pronunciation of adults: many sounds are pronounced by them more gently, and some are replaced by others or are completely omitted. Very often during this period, children have difficulties with the pronunciation of the sound "r", hissing and whistling sounds. But if the parents communicate with the baby every day and in large quantities, then every day he will more accurately imitate their pronunciation and, in the end, learn to pronounce them correctly.

Diagnostics of speech development of 2-3 year old children

It is easier for parents to assess the development of their own child by comparing him with his peers. But this is an erroneous approach, since each kid has his own speed of learning the world, which is most convenient for him. To know if the child's developmental level corresponds to the norms, you need to compare it with the fact that at two or three years old a child should be able to:

Understand simple sentences, questions and requests on everyday topics.
Greet and say goodbye.
Make sentences of 2-4 words.
Memorize new words from songs and short rhymes.
Formulate the simplest requests (for pens, for a drink, for a pot).

Improving speech development

It is not so difficult at this stage to help the child understand speech and use it himself. You just need to talk to him more often, while not distorting words and not lisping, but pronounce it correctly, clearly and distinctly, making clear, short sentences. It is very useful in the process of household chores to simultaneously comment on them orally: "I take a cup, pour water and drink." In the same way, while walking, you can name objects and give their characteristics, replenishing the baby's vocabulary. Speech therapists recommend giving the training a playful form, for example, telling rhythmic rhymes and performing actions in parallel ("the bears were riding", "magpie-crow", "okay").
Children often “swallow” sounds, which can and should be dealt with. For example, to teach a child to pronounce the sound "a" you need to ask him how the doll is crying, and show this by pronouncing a drawl "aaaaa". Then you need to invite the baby to repeat this and insist until the baby does this. In the same way, you can approach learning the pronunciation of the sound "y": during a walk, point the kid to a plane flying in the sky and designate its buzz with a drawn-out sound "uuuuu", asking the kid to repeat this sound. Usually, children do not have problems with this sound, they stretch their lips with a tube and pronounce "y" clearly.
When raising children, turning to Russian folklore in the form of ditties, nursery rhymes and jokes is of great benefit. Parents who regularly accompany their child's actions with humorous sayings, much faster achieve that the child begins to speak better and more clearly in full-fledged phrases.
To teach your baby to easily pronounce complex and long sentences, you need to develop his articulation apparatus and teach him to breathe correctly. For the development of articulation, tongue twisters are very useful. The repetition of funny rhymes with counting rhymes by the baby helps the development of children's speech. Riddles are no less useful: first, they need to be asked to the baby, and then together with him to make out the answer to them. Over time, the baby will remember a number of riddles and even learn to invent them himself, after which the parents and he will be able to make riddles to each other. Thanks to riddles, observation, imagination develops, creative thinking progresses. In addition, making riddles is very exciting. For example, when a game is planned in a company, using a riddle, you can choose a leader - the child who first guessed the riddle, and becomes the leader.

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Exercises for developing speech

"Pipe and whistle"

The child is surrounded by a world of various sounds. If you knock with this little thing, you get one sound, and if you blow this pipe, then a completely different sound will come out from there. When extracting sounds, the kid simultaneously trains breathing and learns the cause-and-effect relationship (blew into the pipe - received a sound). It is better to start with a simple whistle, since you just need to blow into it to get the sound out of it. For older children, you can use a pipe, which complicates the task and thereby makes it more entertaining and interesting for the baby.

"Washer"

It is best to do this exercise during the morning washing, taking advantage of the kids' favorite pastime - making faces in front of the mirror. You need to ask for a crumb, stretching out your lips with a tube, pronounce "o", "in", "mo". Only 2-3 minutes is enough for this exercise.

"Who's Next?"

The rules here are very simple: who will last longer any vowel sound. You can also pull some consonants. Children love to play this game with their parents.

"Repeat after me"

The game develops the articulation apparatus and forms the correct pronunciation. You need to read short rhymes to the kid, and he must repeat the last syllable for an adult.
The kids came running - ra-ra-ra, ra-ra-ra.
A step higher, a step bolder - ley-ley-ley, ley-ley-ley.
We will see falling leaves - pad-pad-pad, pad-pad-pad.
Dear bunny, do not get bored - tea-tea-tea, tea-tea-tea.

"See the bear"

The game develops speech and teaches you to navigate in space. She will need a soft toy (in in this case bear). An adult should take the bear in his hands and tell the baby in his voice that he would really like to get to know the place where the baby's family lives. Then you need to ask the child to take the bear around the house and show him all the interesting places. You can start from the kitchen, where the kid should "take" the toy. With the voice of a toy, an adult should ask what the items of kitchen utensils and furnishings are called, and with his paw point to the table, stove, refrigerator, etc. The bear should ask why they are needed, and the baby should answer these questions. Then you can go around other rooms.

"More words"

The game helps to develop speech and teaches how to compose long words. Together with the baby, you need to try to designate a property or feature of an object in one word. For example, if dad has brown eyes, then he is brown-eyed, and if the bunny has long ears, then he is long-eared.

"Guess the animal"

The game develops the articulation apparatus, speech, introduces the baby to the animal world. It will require cards with images of animals and a friendly company. Shuffle the inverted cards and place them on the table. Each player takes out a card in turn and voices the animal depicted there, the rest must guess who he was describing.

"Finish the word"

The game develops attention, memory and speech. You need to ask the child to finish the word spoken by an adult: "maga-zin", "doro-ga", "colo-bok". If the kid does not guess, then he can be shown to the named object.

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"Voices of Animals"

This game develops the articulation apparatus, speech and introduces the animal world. You need to prepare animal toys or cards with their images. The child needs to show toys or cards and let him examine them carefully, while simultaneously telling where the animal lives and what it eats, what sounds it makes. It will be great to take the kid to the zoo or use recordings of animal voices. Then you can already carry out the final lesson. At the sight of a card, the baby is told to name the animal depicted and remember the sounds it makes:

You should not ask a child about all the animals at once.

"My phone rang"

The game replenishes vocabulary and develops speech. It simulates a conversation on the phone, the function of which can be performed by any object, for example, a part from a designer, a stick, a cube. Parent and child should take turns simulating a conversation on the phone. The elder asks simple questions on his own behalf, and the baby answers. Then they switch roles. You can also speak with your baby on behalf of an animal or toy.

"Things to do?"

You can talk with your child about what you can do in different situations. For example, what can you do in the forest (listen to birds, relax, walk, look for mushrooms), on the river (fish, swim), etc. Let the baby think about what to do with flowers (water, pluck, sniff), what makes a janitor on the street (sweeps, removes snow). Questions should be asked so that when answering them the baby uses different faces, numbers and times.

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The long and difficult process of mastering the native language begins at an early age. The formation and development of speech in children is especially active up to 3 years old. Closer to 1 year, all parents are looking forward to the baby say the first word, then - speak in sentences, learn to clearly express their desires, reason, ask questions. Mom, dad and other relatives are able to help the baby in the development of speech, speed up the process of its formation and compensate for possible violations. Solving this problem requires homework, well-organized communication and, of course, attention to the needs and individual characteristics of the child.
How speech is formed in young children

The development of speech in a child occurs in stages, because the baby has to acquire so much knowledge and skills: learn to make sounds, remember the meanings of words, understand the logic of constructing sentences. Consider the features of the formation of communication skills at different ages.
0 to 6 months. The baby makes the first attempts to communicate with the outside world immediately after birth. From birth to 2 months, the only form of communication available to a child is crying. So the baby lets the mother know that he is hungry, tired or wants to sleep, he feels uncomfortable. From 2-3 months humming appears. The child learns to pronounce the first vowels and consonants: "a", "y", "s", "g". And now the parents are happy with the first "ah". The baby tries to control his vocal intonations, listens to the speech addressed to him. At 3-6 months, the baby reacts to sounds, turns his head towards their source. During the same period, the child begins to babble, learns his name. Parents may notice that their baby cries differently when tired, hungry, or sleepy.
From 6 months to 1 year. At this stage of speech development, the first syllables appear. Usually, at the age of about six months, a child reproduces combinations of sounds "ba" and "ma" - they are the easiest to pronounce. He often repeats syllables, and by 7-9 months he learns to combine them with each other. By the year, onomatopoeia appears. The kid tries to repeat the sounds from the speech of adults, responds to his name. Already at this age he understands what the word "no" means.
From 1 year to 1.5 years. From 12-13 months, the development of speech in children is more and more active. The long-awaited first words of two identical syllables appear: "mom", "dad", "uncle", "baba". The kid listens more and more attentively to the speech of an adult, tries to combine syllables in a new way, imitating the way parents speak. At this age, the child understands requests and instructions: "sit down", "take", "go", etc. The baby uses sounds and gestures to attract attention, is interested in books.
From 1.5 to 2 years old. At this stage of speech development, the lexicon is constantly expanding, the baby remembers and repeats simple words... He can already answer a simple question with words or gestures. For example, it shows where the toy is, says the name of this or that item. Closer to 2 years, the vocabulary already includes from 20 to 50 lexemes. Most children at this age love it when adults read to them and look at the pictures in books with interest.
From 2 to 3 years old. At the age of 2, the child's speech becomes more and more meaningful, the first sentences appear: "Give it!", "Where is mom?", "Kisa is here." The baby is gradually learning to express his thoughts more and more clearly. The kid begins to use prepositions, pronouns, adjectives in his speech. He understands and follows fairly complex instructions, including several sequential actions: "Take the blue car from the nursery and take Dad to the living room." Closer to the age of 3, the child speaks up to 150-200 words.
After 3 years. At this stage of speech development, simple sentences of three words or more appear. The child knows the names of the primary colors and definitions of size (big-small, high-low). He can repeat familiar stories, hum his favorite tunes. At 3 years of age, the period of early childhood comes to an end, and the baby can already express his desires clearly enough, asks questions, and is able to tell about something. The vocabulary becomes so large that it is already difficult for parents to calculate how many words are in it. At the same time, even after 3 years of age, children may still have slight difficulties with the pronunciation of some hissing and whistling sounds.
What affects the development of speech
Individual physiological characteristics. For the formation of speech, it is important that the baby's hearing organs, certain centers in the brain, function correctly, nervous system... Healthy physical and mental development - necessary condition for mastering communication skills in terms that are considered the age norm. The course of pregnancy and childbirth can have a great influence on physiological characteristics.
Social environment. For the harmonious development of a child, a full-fledged speech environment is necessary from an early age. When a toddler grows up in a supportive environment, communication skills develop naturally, often without the extra effort of parents. Their task is to make the baby feel comfortable with the family, feel the love and support of loved ones.
Other factors. The pace of development of a child's speech can be influenced by stress, illness, a multilingual environment (usually, for such babies, several languages \u200b\u200bbecome native at once, but they begin to speak later than their peers).
Sensory stimuli and early speech development

In the first years of life, children perceive information about the outside world through hearing, sight, taste, touch. In infancy, cognition is carried out precisely through the sensory channels. The kid listens to sounds, pulls objects into his mouth to study their taste and shape, twirls toys in his hands, examines bright objects. For the early development of speech in children under one year old, it is important to help them get as much information as possible about the world around them. This can be done precisely with the help of sensory stimuli.
Hearing. For the development of speech, it is necessary that the baby is well able to perceive information by ear. Let your baby listen to a variety of sounds: birds singing on the balcony, street noise, you can introduce him to classical music or children's songs. And most importantly, the baby should hear the sounds of his native speech.
Vision. The kid does not immediately know how to focus his vision and keep his attention on objects. From about 3 months of age, colored and / or moving objects, such as balloons, can attract his attention. The baby pays special attention to the faces of people, gradually he begins to recognize his parents. To interest the child, you can hang bright toys over the bed, glue printed colorful pictures on the opposite wall.
Touch. A kid can learn so much about an object simply through tactile sensations. Massage and gymnastics, games with cereals and objects of various shapes are useful for the development of this sensory channel. It's good if the child has balls, cubes, rattles from various materials... Finger games that are fun and especially useful for developing speech will also help your baby to learn the world through touch.
Taste. From 4-6 months, the baby's diet expands, and many discoveries await him. Add dishes of different taste and consistency to his menu (in accordance with age, of course). Let the child find out how sweet, sour, bitter, salty are different. With the appearance of teeth, you can familiarize your baby with solid foods: dryers, baby cookies, pieces of fruit.
The importance of communication with your child for the development of speech
What is the most important for the development of speech, what should you pay special attention to? Many parents ask themselves these questions. The answer is simple: in early childhood, all a child needs is adult attention, daily communication and support. No matter how the baby develops, no matter what articulation exercises and speech therapy techniques are used by caring mom and dad, the most important thing is to talk to the baby. Communication should be not only during classes, but also constantly, every minute of being together with the child. Adult speech is a powerful stimulus for baby development. Talk to him about everything, voicing your actions. Usually mom does it easily: she simply accompanies feeding, bathing, changing clothes, laying down with comments. It is important to show your child the surrounding objects and name them. When the baby begins to gag and babble, you need to respond to the sounds he makes, as if supporting the conversation. As the speech is formed with the child, it becomes easier and easier to communicate on a variety of topics, but at an early age it is imperative to talk to him.
Speech development methods
Pronouncing situations. We have already said that for the development of speech, each action must be accompanied by words. It is useful to pronounce situations during games, viewing pictures, getting ready for a walk, etc. You do not need to specifically choose a topic for conversation, you just need to voice what is happening. Let's give an example of how this can happen when dressing a baby. “We’ll go for a walk to the site now, we need to get dressed. Where is the blouse? There she is. And these are the pants. Now we will put them on: first on the right leg, now on the left. Show me where the pockets are. Well done. And who is painted on the blouse? This is a kitten. Let's go put on our shoes, etc. "
Finger games. The peculiarity of such games for the development of speech is that an adult does not just bend the baby's fingers or performs other actions with his pens, but also simultaneously tells a poem, a nursery rhyme. In a playful way, the child learns to perceive speech by ear, memorizes words and sounds, which he will then try to repeat. You can start classes with the baby with the games familiar to everyone: "There is a horned goat", "White-sided magpie". Another option is to learn the names of the fingers by bending them.
Examining pictures. To develop speech, you can show your child cards and books for the little ones with colorful pictures. A good option - drawings with animals already seen at home or on the street. You can tell what sounds they can make. The kid will try to imitate them: the next time he sees a cat or dog, he himself may say "meow" or "woof-woof". Such classes are useful for the development of speech, and for getting to know the outside world in general.
Games for the development of phonemic hearing. Words are made up of meaningful units called phonemes. Words with the same phonemes can be composed of different meaning: "Nose" and "sleep", "bank" and "boar". Phonemic hearing allows you to distinguish them from each other and understand them correctly. To develop this ability, you can play the following games with your baby.
Guess the tool. If there are several different musical instruments, even toy ones, you can invite the child to guess what mom or dad is playing. The kid will quickly learn to distinguish how a piano, guitar, drum, accordion sounds.
As the animals say. Prepare pictures of animals familiar to your child. Invite your child to show how a cat, a cow, a dog "speaks". Then you can ask to reproduce the sounds that their cubs make: how a kitten meows, a calf hums, a puppy barks, etc.
Repeat after me. This speech development game assumes that the adult taps a simple rhythm or makes a certain sound that the child must repeat. When he masters this game, you can change. Let the baby make sounds, and the parents reproduce them.
Recognize by voice. This game will require at least 3 adults (the more the better). The child is placed with his back to them so that he does not see who is talking. Then one of the players says the name of the baby, and he has to guess who called him.

Speech therapy classes. They can be done with a specialist or at home. Exercises for the development of speech and language mobility should be selected by a speech therapist. If parents are engaged with a baby on their own, it is important to accurately follow the doctor's recommendations. During the exercise, the baby should be fun and interesting. For this, classes are conducted in a playful way. It should be borne in mind that it is difficult for a child to maintain attention for more than 5 minutes. Keep the exercises short, but done every day.
Articulatory gymnastics for the development of speech in babies
The main task of carrying out such gymnastics is to form the child's skills correct pronunciation sounds. The proposed exercises help to train the articulation apparatus. Skills are developed gradually, and success depends on the regularity of the classes. You should not offer your baby more than a couple of exercises at a time. It is important to first show the child what exactly needs to be done, it will be easier for him to repeat after an adult than to understand the instructions.
"Opening the gate." The child opens his mouth wide and remains in this position for several minutes.
Show the fence. The kid closes the teeth of the upper and lower rows, smiles broadly so that they can be seen.
"We brush our teeth." The baby opens his mouth wide and tries to run his tongue first along the inner, and then along the outer surface of the teeth.
"Artist". It's over difficult exercise for the development of speech. The child needs to draw any figures with the tip of the tongue on the upper sky. And then draw with a tongue, as if with a brush: "paint over" the entire sky.

Several generalized recommendations on how to develop a child's speech will help parents who want their baby to speak as soon as possible, constantly expanding vocabulary and learning to build detailed sentences.
React to the sounds the child makes, imitate babbling and humming.

Repeat nursery rhymes, short, rhythmic rhymes.

Teach your child the names of objects, the names of relatives.

Read aloud daily, such as before bed.

Draw your baby's attention to various objects that emit sounds (animals and birds, vehicles, household appliances, etc.).

Encourage your child as he initiates communication, learns new words.

Maintain eye contact with your baby as you talk.

Describe to the child in all details what he sees, hears, feels.

Play audio stories and songs for your baby.

Make sure that the speech addressed to the little interlocutor is literate, clear and expressive. Choose words that the child understands, use sentences that are not too complicated.

As your baby grows up, replace onomatopoeia and simplified words in his speech with the correct ones. Up to a year, the baby can say "am-am" instead of "eat", "meow" instead of "cat", "tu-tu" instead of "train". For the correct development of speech in the future, it is advisable each time to accompany the form pronounced by the child with a generally accepted word. For example, a baby saw a cat, points a finger at it and says "meow!" Mom can add: "Yes, it was the kitty."

Tactfully correct mistakes in the child's speech, do not scold or shame him - this discourages the motivation to communicate.

When speaking situations, use a narrative style instead of a descriptive one (“Look, this is a dog, she carries a stick to the owner, so she plays” instead of “There is a dog”).

Replace your child's simple phrases with full sentences to help enrich speech. If the baby says: "Give me a drink," you can comment: "You want to drink water."

Teach your toddler to follow simple instructions... In a playful way, ask him to complete simple tasks consisting of several actions: "Find a bear, pick it up, bring it to me."

Give your child simple assignments (for example, take a candy wrapper to the trash can), thank for the help.

Play role-playing games with your baby as much as possible - they are good for the development of speech and communication skills.

Show that you are listening to the baby carefully: nod, ask questions, smile.

Tell your child what you are thinking, how you think and plan.

Use visual material for the development of speech: cards, posters, toys.

Ask your child various questions, stimulate him to think.

In the evening, discuss with your baby how the day went, remember the most interesting things together.

Praise your child for even minor gains in their native language.

What can inhibit the development of speech
Excessive courtesy of parents. Excessive custody of a child and anticipating all his desires can slow down many processes in the development of speech. If the parents immediately give the baby what he wants, they just have to show with a gesture or cry, he does not have a need for a clear expression of thoughts. Why work hard when mom and dad will do everything anyway? Motivation plays a very important role in the formation of speech, so you should not immediately rush to the aid of a one and a half year old or two year old baby before he tries to ask for it in words.
Understated or overstated requirements. Some parents do nothing in order to make the child talk, and do not motivate him to communicate, while others force him to constantly repeat words and sounds. Moreover, sometimes in the same family there are both extremes: mom takes care of the baby, and dad demands that he learn to ask for what he wants. This adversely affects the development of speech. The balance between the formation of the need for communication and excessive demands is important.
Incorrect adult speech. Sometimes parents and especially grandmothers are too fond of imitating the child's language, using only simplified forms of words in communication with the baby ("am-am", "wow-wow", "bb", etc.). It is important not to forget that an adult's speech is a model for a child. If he does not hear the correct forms of words, then he will not remember them. Some parents speak too quickly, indistinctly, without pauses and intonation. Such speech is simply difficult for a baby to understand. Adults should try to make use of the diversity and richness of their native language.
Intelligent overload. Early development has become a trend recent years, and many parents are in a hurry to quickly teach the baby to speak, recite poetry by heart and even read. Overwork from prolonged studies, constant memorization of words and texts can have the opposite effect: the formation of speech will slow down.
When to see a doctor
If you have any concerns about the pace of your child's acquisition of native language, first of all consult with the pediatrician. If necessary, he will refer you to specialized specialists: neurologist, otolaryngologist, speech therapist. If violations or lag in the development of speech are identified, doctors will develop a plan for further action. The following signs may indicate that the baby needs to be shown to specialists.
At 1.5-2 years old, the child does not utter understandable short words ("mom", "dad", "give"), speaks only his own language.

At 2.5 years old, the baby has not developed speech or his vocabulary does not exceed 10 words.

At the age of 3, the child rearranges or skips syllables in words ("puvitsa" instead of "buttons", "pattokas" instead of "slippers").

At any age, speech stutters appeared (the child repeats the first syllables of words).

Developing a baby's speech is not as difficult as it might seem. Constant communication with the child, entertaining games, reading books - all this is not at all difficult to include in the daily routine. A little patience and consistency in the classroom can give excellent results... If problems with speech development have already appeared, a specialist will tell you how to help your baby master his native language.
Children aged 2-3 years develop quite quickly in all areas. This also applies to speech. It changes literally every month: the child begins to speak with integral structures, learns new words, pronounces sounds more and more clearly. At this stage, it is important for parents to monitor the compliance of the child's speech with the age norm and, in case of problems, solve them on their own or contact a specialist.
Age norms for the development of speech at 2-3 years
Each age has its own vocabulary, certain skills in pronunciation, the degree of understanding of the speech of other people. So, the baby babbles the first words at the age of about a year. At first they are indistinct, but over time they become more and more clear. By the age of 2-3 years, the main speech base is already formed, therefore, from birth to 3 years, special attention should be paid to the development of the baby's speech.
Speech norms in children 2-3 years old:
The vocabulary of a 2-year-old child is approximately 200-300 words, and after six months the number of words reaches 1000-1200. More than half are nouns, followed by verbs. By the age of three, the active use of adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions begins.
The child is able to construct simple sentences of 2-3 words, explain what he needs, communicate with peers. These are mainly declarative or exclamatory sentences. Separate words are used as questions: where, how, why.
The kid names the size of the object (large - small), color, taste (sweet - salty - sour), shape (circle - square), quality (bad - good).
Generalizing words appear in speech. For example, an orange, an apple, a pear are fruit, shoes, slippers, boots are shoes.
Light words like "bb", "tu-tu" disappear from speech.
The kid understands how an adult speaks to him.
Incorrect uses of declensions, numbers and gender are possible. By the age of three, their use should be in accordance with the language norm.
Children of this age love to invent their own words. Substitutions of letters are possible, syllables in long words are swapped or shortened. For example, a spatula - a scoop, petroleum jelly - mazelin, etc.
Two-year-olds have difficulty in pronouncing sibilants, replacing them with sibilant sounds. Hard sounds are often replaced by soft sounds, and this is normal. Some children by the age of three already pronounce most of the sounds, even the most difficult ones - l, p.

Communication with parents and loved ones is the main source of information for a child. He unconsciously copies those with whom he is next.
Advice
At the age of 2-3 years, the baby's attentiveness increases, he begins to listen to the speech of others. Children are very sensitive to the norms of the language, therefore it is important to speak with them correctly: to pronounce sounds clearly, not to "lisp", to use understandable words, take your time, speak with expression.

How to develop speech: games, exercises and communication
The development of speech in 2-3-year-old children largely depends on how much time parents devote to this.
A few rules to learn before starting classes:
You need to start communicating with your child as early as possible, even when he has not yet been born.
During games and exercises, the baby should be watched. Eye contact is a prerequisite for a baby's emotional stability.
The child should see how the muscles of the face of mom or dad move when they talk to him. This will allow him to quickly match certain movements with sounds. During classes, it is useful to be in front of a mirror to see all facial movements.
The more reps the better. IN younger age you will have to repeat it ten, or even twenty times, so that the baby will remember better. This is normal, so parents need to be patient.
The clearer, slower and louder the words are spoken, the faster and more accurately the baby will be able to repeat them.
Any attempt to speak should be encouraged, even the most inept and illegible.
And, of course, you can't swear if something doesn't work out. Over time, it will definitely work out, but from the excessive emotionality of the parents, the baby may have additional difficulties.
Classes should be carried out daily, but there is no need to overwork the baby. Enough 10-20 minutes a day, broken down into several short lessons.
The more you read to your child, the faster his vocabulary is replenished. Expressive reading will help you understand complex structures.
The temperament of the child must be taken into account. With high intellectual development, the baby can simply be silent.

To expand your vocabulary, it is convenient to study words on generalizing topics: fruits, clothes, animals, toys, etc. The parent clearly names the item and suggests repeating its name. It is useful to connect definitions, for example, ball is green, cube is yellow. It is good if additional words emphasize the belonging of objects to a genus or number. This will help the child to recognize the difference faster. Example: big doll - big ball, yellow pear - yellow cube.
First, the parent names the object, and then this role is transferred to the child. You just need to point out the subject and ask what it is. Any answer needs to be encouraged, if the kid was wrong, then gently correct him.
Make riddles to the kid. It's good if the answer rhymes. Examples of riddles: “Whoa! - the child screams, so this is ... (foal). " Or: “Chick-chirp! Don't be shy! I am seasoned ... (sparrow) ". Other riddles: "Oranges and bananas are very fond of ... (monkey)." “He purrs and sings. Have you guessed? It's a cat)".
Read simple poetry to your child and ask him to finish the phrase. After several readings, he will remember the last words.
For the little ones: the mother says the first part of the word, and the son or daughter finishes it. This is how words from 2-3 syllables learn: maga-zin, so-baka, car-na, dorog-ga, etc.
Let the baby determine the diminutive shape of the object. For example, an adult asks the question: "What is the name of the cat's child?" The kid answers: "Kitten". And so on: puppy, chicken, duck, baby elephant.
For the development of the imagination, it is useful to ask the following questions: why do we need water? the spoon? glass? Let the kid dream up.

The most effective are those activities that are conducted in a playful way.... The child feels relaxed, he is interested in doing fun and active tasks. Games for the development of speech for children aged 2-3 years:
Imitation of sounds of animals, birds, objects. It is necessary to invite the child to depict the simplest sounds: bees, cows, cats, dogs, roosters, steam locomotives, etc.
Let the kid guess the sound. Play with him like this: portray some animal, and let him guess who or what belongs to such a voice.
If there are animal toys in the house, play with them.
A good voice exercise: have a competition to hold out the longer the sound "aaa", "woo" and others.
Mindfulness game: lay out the objects on the table and let the kid remember them. Then ask him to close his eyes and remove one item. Let him guess what is missing. Start with 2-3 items, gradually increasing their number. You can play the other way around: add new item and ask the kid to find out what appeared on the table.
Another mindfulness game: ask the child to remember what you are wearing, leave the room, add one item (hat, scarf, glasses) and return. The kid must understand what has changed.

Advice
It will be interesting and useful for the child to exchange with the parents. Let him take on the main role: ask a riddle, ask a question, hide an object or change clothes.

Do not ignore the exercise of the tongue and lips.... General gymnastics will be useful for the development of facial muscles:
Draw out the lips with a straw.
Stretch your mouth into a smile.
Smile showing teeth.
Let the child just make funny faces in front of the mirror.

Advice
If your child cannot answer a riddle, give him a little thought and then clearly state the correct answer. Over time, he will remember it.

Why finger games, drawing, modeling and other types of children's creativity are useful
Pediatricians always recommend that parents massage the baby's hands, and when he grows up, play finger games with him. The fact is that arm exercises will stimulate those areas of the brain that are responsible for speech. The more flexible the baby's hands are, the faster he begins to pronounce intelligible words, the faster he learns new ones, constructs sentences, and reacts to the speech of adults.
Games can start with regular massage, rubbing, tapping. At 2-3 years old, you can play nursery rhymes with your child. The parent recites a rhyme, and at this time the child performs some actions with his hands. The most popular nursery rhymes games: "Ladushki", "We shared an orange."
Fine motor skills are noticeably influenced by activities such as drawing, modeling from plasticine, cutting out of paper, etc. Give the kid simple tasks: draw a ball, sun, cloud, flower. Tell a fairy tale and draw the main character together. Contact with small objects also helps to develop speech. Let the child take buttons, beads, pencils in pens.
It is recommended to perform breathing exercises. It saturates the child's body with oxygen, energizes. Children who breathe correctly, move more actively, think better, which means that they develop more rapidly, including in speech. Respiratory gymnastics is also performed in the form of a game. All children love to blow bubbles and balloons. Place candles on the birthday cake: let the baby try to blow them out by making a wish.

What toys, books and manuals can be used to develop speech
To help parents, there are special manuals that will speed up the speech development of the baby. Most often these are cards with pictures. It is very useful to accompany classes with pictures of objects. Looking at the card, the child will first name what is shown on it. Then you can come up with a short story about this animal or object together.
Children develop cubes, puzzles, toys, constructors, including "Lego". You need to start from 3-4 parts, increasing their number with age. Toys must be included in educational games. The most comfortable item is the ball. Favorite children's game - "Edible - inedible" is impossible without this item. Have the child catch the ball when you name something edible and hit it the other way around.
Other ball games:
Mom throws the ball and names a letter. The child catches it, comes up with a word for the named letter, pronounces it and throws the ball to mom.
With older children, try playing antonyms. Mom throws the ball and calls the word, and the child comes up with the opposite: day - night, light - shadow, fast - slow, black - white, etc.

In classes you need to include listening to sounds. It's good if there is an opportunity to take your child to the zoo.
Useful books for developing speech:
E. Yanushko "Development of speech in children 1-3 years old."
S. Batyaeva, E. Savostyanova "Album for the development of speech for the smallest."
L. Smirnova "Development of speech in children 2-3 years old."
A. Astakhova "My first book".
O. Zhukova "The first textbook of the kid".
All books with folk tales and pictures, alphabet.

Difficulties with speech development: how to determine
All children are different: some build sentences by the age of three, and some use a small number of words. Any developmental norms are conditional, speech skills directly depend on the child's temperament and his needs. Some children just need to name an item to get it, so they don't use complex designs.
Sometimes you can independently determine that a child has a delay in the development of speech for a number of signs. Some of them are obvious:
Very limited number of words used.
It is difficult for a child to answer simple questions.
It is difficult for him to repeat a sentence of 4-5 words for an adult.
Part of the face is noticeably strained when pronouncing some sounds.
Frequent replacement of syllables and sounds in words.
The kid does not understand the meaning of rhymes, fairy tales.
It is difficult for him to play intellectual games appropriate for age. For example, it is impossible to collect cubes or pictures with more than 4 pieces.
The child speaks too fast.
The child refuses to speak.

The reasons for developmental delays can be both physical characteristics and lack of attention from parents. In the second case, this is easy to fix. There are many educational games, exercises, poems. In any case, the child needs to be shown to a speech therapist and neurologist in order to find out if there are any defects in the structure of the speech apparatus or brain problems.
What to do if the child does not speak
When this problem arises, many parents start to sound the alarm. Before drawing conclusions, you need to show the child to a specialist - a speech therapist, and sometimes a neurologist. Among possible problemsthat interfere with talking, there may be a defect in the bite, neurological pathologies, hearing problems. The speech therapist must determine the delay in speech at an early stage, the earlier the correction begins, the more successful and easier it will be. You can show your child to a specialist as early as 2-3 years old. Speech development classes will not necessarily include diction training. They can be aimed at solving problems with hearing, attentiveness, and expanding vocabulary.
The development of speech skills up to 3 years old is an important stage in the formation of a child's personality. The sooner the baby can express his needs, the easier it will be for him to find a common language with his peers. Children with whom the parents were actively engaged are more emotional, they begin to show interest in the surrounding objects early, and develop creatively. Even if your toddler is showing no signs of developmental delays, homework and play will be just as important.

Often, parents believe that there is no need to think about the development of the child's speech if obvious defects in pronunciation do not appear (the child lisps or does not speak at all). However, many problems in the future can be avoided, and the child's literate and clear speech can be formed if you start paying attention to the development of speech as early as possible throughout the entire period (and, and in a year, and in two, and three ...).

Speech development is not at all working on individual disturbed sounds or on expanding vocabulary, as is commonly thought. The formation of speech depends on the activity of so many areas of the brain, so it is necessary to work in all directions: to develop fine motor skills, enrich sensory experience, work on articulation, breathing, increase vocabulary, and much more.

I have already written more than once about games that contribute to the development of speech in 1-2 years. In this article I would like to bring everything together, as well as publish many more useful exercises for articulation and breathing exercises and not only.

So, games and exercises for the development of speech:

1. Finger and gesture games

Scientists have found that in the brain, the nerve centers responsible for the movements of the fingers and hands are in close proximity to the areas of the brain responsible for the development of speech. Therefore, it is simply necessary to promote the active actions of the baby's fingers and hands. Wonderful helpers in this matter are finger games, I have already written about them more than once, full list interesting finger and gesture games sorted by age can be found here:

In addition to funny rhymes, it is very useful to learn simple gestures with your baby between times, for example:

To the question "How old are you?" showing the index finger - "1 year old";

We threaten with our index finger "Ay-ay-ay";

Show "yes", "no" by moving your head;

Show "thank you" with a nod of the head;

To the question "How are you?" showing the thumb - "Vo!" ("Fine!")

We depict how the bear walks (feet shoulder-width apart, trample from foot to foot);

We depict how the bunny is jumping (hands in front of the chest, hands are lowered, we jump);

We represent how the fox walks (wagging the booty);

We depict a wolf snapping its teeth (we open and close our mouth wide, snapping our teeth);

We depict how a butterfly flies (wave our hands, run around the room);

We depict how the plane flies (hands motionless to the sides, we run around the room);

We depict how the duck walks (we move on haunches).

Closer to the age of two, we begin to learn a new answer to the question "How old are you?" and practice showing both the index and middle fingers - "2 years old". The same finger figure can be called "Bunny"

2. Sensory games for the development of fine motor skills

A complete list of fine motor games can be found here:

3. Articulation exercises

One of the very first and very useful articulation exercises that a one-year-old baby can handle is blowing. Tasya learned to blow at 1 year 3 months, and a candle helped us in this. As soon as we got used to the candle, it became possible to blow into the pipe and blow soap bubbles. So, on what you can learn the skill of blowing:

Blow out the candle;

Blowing a pipe;

Blow through a straw into a glass of water to make the water gurgle;

Inflate soap bubbles;

Blow on a paper butterfly tied to a string so that it takes off;

Blow off small pieces of paper laid out on a plate.

Here are some other articulatory exercises you can practice (from about 1.5 years old, something may be obtained earlier):

"Hide and Seek". First, we show our tongue - we stick it out as far as possible, then we hide it, so we repeat it several times.

"Watch". We move the tongue from side to side - left-right.

"House". We declare that the baby's mouth is home. Mom gently taps her finger on the cheek: "Knock-knock" - and the baby's mouth opens. We say: “Bye! Bye! ”, And the mouth closes.

"Yummy". We open our mouth and lick ourselves: first, we run the tongue along the upper lip, then along the lower lip.

"Balloon". We inflate our cheeks and burst them with our fingers;

"Fence". We show our teeth ("bared our teeth") and say that the tongue is hidden behind the fence.

"We brush our teeth." Show the teeth again, then slide the tip of the tongue first along the upper teeth, then along the lower ones.

"Horse". We "clatter" the tongue like horses.

"They got it out." We stand together in front of the mirror and begin to vague: smile wide, wide, frown, stretch out our lips.

4. The game "Who lives in the house"

In my opinion, play is a great way to encourage a child to make simple sounds. In addition, a surprise moment in it raises the baby's interest. So, in advance we put in a bag or box several plot toys (animals, dolls, etc.) that are well known to the baby. Then we ask several times “Who lives in the house?”, Catching up with intrigue. When the child is really interested, we take out the first character and speak together (and later the kid does it himself), for example, "Cow" or "Mu-mu", depending on what stage the child is at. So in turn we get all the hidden toys.

5. Poems prompting the pronunciation of sounds and words

This is my favorite. Tasya and I simply adored these rhymes, my daughter tried her best to repeat simple words after me. The text in the verses is chosen so that it motivates the child to talk. Even if the child at first does not repeat anything after you, this does not mean that the poetry is useless. It is worth returning to them periodically, and the baby will definitely start trying to repeat simple words and onomatopoeia.

How do we go for a walk? Top top!

How do we close the door? Clap!

Cat to us from the porch: Jump!

Sparrows: Chick-chirp!

The cat is happy with the birds: Murr!

The sparrows took off: Furr!

Next legs: Top-top!

And now the gate: Clap!

How does the grass make noise? Sh-sh-sh!

Who is diving in the grass? Mouse!

A bee on the flower: Zhu-zhu!

Wind leaves: Shu-shu!

Stream in trickles: Frenzy!

Hello bright summer day!

A cow was grazing in the meadow: Moo, moo.

The striped bumblebee flew: Z-z-z, z-z-z.

Summer breeze blew: F-f-f, f-f-f.

The bell rang: Ding, ding, ding.

A grasshopper chirped in the grass: Tr-rr, tts-s-s.

A prickly hedgehog ran through: Pkh-pkh-pkh.

The little bird sang: Til-l, til-l.

And the angry beetle hummed: W-w-w, w-w-w.

In the book «» (Ozon, Maze, My-shop) you can find many similar rhymes, although in general they are a little more complicated than these two, but their reading will also have a very beneficial effect on the development of the child's speech.

6. Respiratory gymnastics

(from about 1.5 years old)

The wheel burst. First, we clasp our hands in a circle in front of us, depicting a wheel. Then, as we exhale, we begin to slowly cross our arms (so that the right hand lies on the left shoulder and vice versa) and say "shhhhh" - the wheel is deflated.

Pump. Next, we suggest that the child pump up the deflated wheel. We clench our hands in front of the chest into fists, as if we are holding a pump. We bend forward and lower our hands down, accompanying our actions with the sound "s-s-s", repeat several times.

Loud quiet. We pronounce some sound loudly and softly. For example, first we pretend to be big bears and say "Uh-uh", then small bears and say the same thing, just quietly.

Woodcutter. First, we put our hands together (as if holding an ax) and raise them up. Then we sharply lower them down, bending over and saying "uh". We repeat several times.

Wizard ... First, we wave our hands and hold them at the top. Then we gradually lower it, pronouncing the syllables: "M-m-m-a", "M-m-m-o", "M-m-m-y", "M-m-m-s".

7. Reading books

During reading, it is advisable to constantly use the questions "What is this?", "Who is this?" (even if you have to answer them for the first time), the questions activate the child's mental detail, encourage him to talk.

8. Role-playing games

A role-playing game is a very fertile environment for the development of speech. During the game, the child has a natural need to say something: you need to somehow name the main characters of the game and their actions, express your thoughts and feelings.

Read more about how to play role-playing games with a 1-2 year old child.

9. Viewing Doman cards or other material that expands the horizons of the child

On this I will round off. I wish you interesting activities with your baby!

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We read the books carefully.
In the process of looking at the book, explain to the kid what is shown on the paper.
Collecting puzzles.
At the age of 2-3 years, special attention should be paid to fine motor skills.
To do this, you can purchase puzzles and try to collect them together.
More soft toys.
Most likely, every child has a lot of stuffed animals at home. So - place them around the room and invite the baby to go meet someone. Approach each toy and start dating. But keep in mind that you need to speak the language of the crumbs - this is a game.
Not a day without books and conversations.
The fact is that during the game, the child develops thinking about the world around him. Games help develop logic, speech and, of course, thinking. To do this, you need to involve the child in reading books and talking on a daily basis.
What do we have here?
A kid at this age is interested in everything new. Therefore, games are the best fit for the development of his speech. In order to lure the baby into the game, show him new toy or an object, then hide it and show it again. The kid will be interested in it. Such actions will cause joy in the child and a positive experience. During this game, you need to use a new word as often as possible. The baby's interest will arise on its own, and he will begin to try to repeat after you. Very important point during such a game, arouse the child's interest in talking or name one or another word independently.
Conversation at the window.
Conversations near the window are very useful. Show him the leaves, the sky, the sun.
We keep the conversation going.
Try to ask the little one questions if he starts to name individual words. For example, if he said the sky, then ask him what color is it? It is necessary to maintain a conversation and encourage the child to talk.
We consolidate the past.
Be sure to reinforce the passed material. Find a subject that you studied in a book or magazine and ask your child to repeat what it is. Thus, this information will be stored in his memory. In addition, speech will develop well.
Poems and songs.
You can ask your kid to repeat funny poems or songs after you. Such repetitions will help to develop speech very well in crumbs.
Who is calling?
Phone conversations will be useful. The child does not see his interlocutor, but only hears. Accordingly, he cannot express his desires with the help of gestures, and this, in turn, stimulates to talk or utter a word. Try to make sure that the baby not only listens to his interlocutor, but also takes part in the conversation. First, ask him to answer simple questions, then complicate the conversation.

Revived dolls.
When you play with a child with dolls or cars, toy soldiers, ask questions from the character who takes part in the game to the child. Ask what the doll or baby doll will wear, where the machine will go, how the soldier will fight. Complicate questions, structure them so that the child would be interested in answering them.
Into the bag!
Another way to develop your child's speech is through play. Sew a bag of brightly colored fabric and place small toys in it. Show the child the bag and start taking out small toys from there, while voicing the name of the object. Place toys in your child's hands. Give your baby an opportunity to see and get to know the toy well. Then ask him to put the toy back in the bag, while putting the exact one you asked for.
Let's draw.
Drawing helps to develop speech perfectly at this age. On a piece of paper, draw straight, rounded lines with your child. different colors... In the process of drawing, call them a stream, a path, a ball. Then let the kid draw on his own. After he finished, ask him what he was trying to draw? This way you can learn some words. Ask the child to draw a ball. Make sure his creation is similar to the item you named.
Exercises for the development of speech in children
Children often swallow basic sounds. This can be taught to a child. For example, pronounce the sound "A". To do this, ask the baby a question - how does Lala cry, and tell yourself - aaaaaa. Ask the child to repeat after you, ask the question until the child answers you.
In the same way, you can teach the baby to pronounce the sound "U". Walking down the street, show the kid the plane in the sky and tell him how it buzzes - uuuuuu. Ask. So that the baby will repeat after you. As a rule, children are very good at learning this sound. They pull their lips forward, and the sound "U" is clearly heard.